Textbook in PDF format The authors have drawn on their experience, to identify “critical gaps” in the knowledge of the subject that might exist in the minds of undergraduates appearing for their Final MBBS Part 1 examinations. Every effort has been made in this book to address these gaps. Critical concepts and definitions have been explained at length in a simple, easy to understand manner with liberal use of appropriate examples and diagrams. Equal emphasis has been laid on the applied aspects so that a student is confident in applying these concepts and in answering application based questions, which are appearing increasingly in theory examination papers across the country. The text follows a logical sequence and has been written keeping the needs and understanding capacity of the average undergraduate student paramount. Long questions, short notes and MCQ’s, which comprehensively cover the text and are patterned on frequently asked questions in final examinations, have been added at the end of each chapter to allow individual students to test their grasp of each chapter